Free Speech: What It Is and Why It
Matters
“However unwilling a
person who has a strong opinion may be to admit that his opinion might be
false, he ought to be moved by this thought: however true it may be, if it
isn’t fully, frequently and fearlessly discussed, it will be held as a dead
dogma rather than as a living truth. ”
John Stuart Mill
The
First Amendment guarantees that the “Congress shall make no law abridging the
freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of people peaceably to
assemble”. This provision clarifies the point that the government cannot pass a
law criminalizing the act of free expression. However, certain spoken
statements could constitute an act of violence.
“An opinion that corn-dealers are starvers
of the poor, or that private property is robbery, ought to be unmolested when
simply circulated through the press, but may justly incur punishment when
delivered orally to an excited mob assembled before the house of a corn-dealer,
or when handed about among the same mob in the form of a placard” (John Stuart
Mill, On Liberty).
In other words, free speech is to be distinguished from
statements that directly jeopardize the safety of others. However, the
standards for what constitutes such acts of jeopardizing safety need to be
carefully considered and evaluated with due care. In his famous statement, John
Stuart Mill noted that such acts of violence in speech occur when the speaker
clearly encourages others to take violent action against others. Nonetheless,
individuals who are often silenced and censored seldom directly encourage
violence against others. At the very least, before the act of censoring takes
place, it must be shown that the allegedly inappropriate commentary directly
causes harm to others that goes beyond the initial emotional reaction to the statement
in question. The burden of proof should always be on the accuser, not on the
accused.
College
campuses are engulfed by protests against sexism and racism to the point where
conservative speakers are routinely boycotted. When “non-progressive” speakers
are allowed to visit campuses, their discussion cannot commence because they
are constantly shouted down by left-wing activists who demand safe spaces (https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/middlebury-free-speech-violence/518667/.
) Right-leaning activists cite the First
Amendment as their defense against these acts of harassment. In defense of
their position, it is unlawful for government institutions to banish people from
public spaces because of their ideological views. However, the same principle
does not apply in private spaces.
One is always free to remove a guest from their home for
any reason, regardless of how inadequate that reason may seem. Likewise, owners
of private companies reserve the right to terminate an employee or an associate
for any reason. Consequently, such acts often take place in the event where the
evicted party made offensive utterances. While there is and there should not be
a law prohibiting preventing owners of private property from refusing to accept
guests or associates whom they find objectionable, there is a moral problem
underlying this issue. Specifically, hosts who remove offensive guests solely
on the grounds of their alleged inappropriate remarks appear to underestimate
the importance of the value of free expression.
If an undesirable party invades one’s home, the host may
evict him and he has the prerogative to defend his private property. Likewise,
he has the same right to remove any guest from his domicile for any reason.
Nonetheless, there is an apparent moral problem with the act of removing a
person from private property simply because the host disagrees with their
beliefs. This invites the question of what values such actions promote.
Clearly, the value in question constitute an infringement on free speech. Left-wing
activists maintain that this is done in the interest of protecting the
interests of the most vulnerable members of society.
Following in the foot-steps of Herbert Marcuse, the left
has embraced the doctrine of Repressive Tolerance (om/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/repressive-tolerance).
In line with this thesis, the left maintains that everyone has the right to be
free from fear and misery. Consequently, they hold that the government is
responsible for the individual’s personal well-being. If the government fails
to achieve this, they believe that the citizens should take matters into their
own hands. In other words, the hooligans must antagonize anyone who stands in
the way of progress.
The reasons why Repressive Tolerance is problematic are
numerous. It is mired in the fallacy of the Philosopher King. In the Republic,
Plato proposed a theory of knowledge to suggest that one may cultivate an
understanding of politics similarly to how one may do so with respect to
mathematics. In other words, if one is sufficiently intelligent and dedicated,
they may solve any political problem, just as they would be able to do so for a
mathematical proof. While it is questionable that even the most intelligent
cohort of political thinkers could develop a comprehensive solution to all
political problems, it is far from clear that they will have the will-power to
do what is right.
To address this problem, Plato developed the tripartite
conception of the soul. As Plato had it, the soul consisted of three elements:
the logical, spirited and the appetitive. The latter two corresponded to the
passionate and the instinctive parts of the human psyche, while the former represented
the intellectual capabilities. Plato maintained that the Philosopher King should
be able to subjugate his self-serving instincts to his rational judgment. In
other words, the Philosopher King knows what is best for the public and has the
moral fortitude to do so, irrespective of whether they welcome the change.
In the opening volume of “The Open Society and Its
Enemies”, Karl Popper identified Plato’s Philosopher King thesis as the basis
of a totalitarian ideology (https://www.amazon.com/Open-Society-Its-Enemies-ebook/dp/B00C791JIO/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1503168661&sr=8-1&keywords=the+open+society+and+its+enemies). Popper’s analysis shows that if it is
possible and desirable for the most capable of politicians to govern, there is
no reason for leaders to tolerate dissent. Plato elaborated upon this point by
drawing an analogy between statecraft and the endeavor of piloting a ship. For
good reasons, the most capable of seafarers have the privilege of captaincy and
in many cases, they have no reason to take orders from their less knowledgeable
colleagues. If politics is a craft in the same sense that sea-faring is, there
is no reason for the Philosopher King to consider any objections he may face
from his constituents.
Popper traced the development of the Philosopher King
doctrine to the philosophy of Hegel, who argued that the Prussian state had the
authority to determine the nature of public morality. In stark contrast to the
legal positivists who insisted on a distinction between law and morality, Hegel
maintained that only the legislators could know the nature of morality and they
have codified their insights into law. Building on this premise, Hegel
developed the philosophy of “dialectical idealism” which provided a
comprehensive account of historical progress. Hegel’s contention was that ideas
shaped social reform and such developments frequently occurred within the
Prussian State.
Walking
in Hegel’s footsteps, Marx famously asserted that he stood Hegel on his head
and to this day, Marxism the blueprint for the prototypical totalitarian state.
In the “Open Society and Its Enemies”, Plato traced the origins of totalitarian
ideology to Plato, Hegel and Marx. The common ground between the three thinkers
is apparent: their political philosophers are rooted in the Philosopher King
thesis. Similarly, Marcuse’s doctrine of repressive tolerance empowers the
intellectual elite to determine who the truly intolerant people are and when
they should be censored.
The
intellectual successors of Marcuse and Marx have gone on to develop a various
schools of thought under the banner of post-modern relativism, which held that objectivity
was a fiction and that all claims to a knowledge of truth are merely
expressions of prejudice. While the post-modernists have observed that the
dominant groups of society will assert their interests, they neglect to apply
this criticism to the academic leaders who represent their interests. In most
departments of the humanities, registered Democrats outnumber their Republican
counterparts by a wide margin (https://fee.org/articles/government-spending-on-education-is-higher-than-ever-and-for-what/).
Predictably, the professoriate continues to assert their group interests at the
expense of their peers who are a minority in the collegiate milieu. Examples
where right-leaning professors have been subjected to hostile treatment are
numerous and continue to proliferate (https://reason.com/blog/2017/01/04/georgia-tech-climatologist-judith-curry).
When
confronted about their intolerance, academics tend to cavalierly dismiss all of
such allegations, insisting that “truth has a left-wing bent” (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/10/opinion/sunday/the-dangers-of-echo-chambers-on-campus.html).
In other words, they tacitly invoke the Philosopher King thesis, implying that
the views of the intellectual elite are beyond scrutiny. Yet, evidence suggests
that human knowledge is context-specific and scholars who are highly proficient
in their field seldom have the ability to apply it to a broad range of other
endeavors (https://www.amazon.com/Thinking-Fast-Slow-Daniel-Kahneman-ebook/dp/B00555X8OA/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1520178361&sr=8-1&keywords=kahneman+thinking+fast+and+slow).
For example, as Daniel Kahneman has shown, even the distinguished scholars of
statistics are not good “intuitive statisticians”, as they often commit
elementary errors when forced to solve statistical problems in a real world
context (http://www.burns-stat.com/review-thinking-fast-slow-daniel-kahneman/).
Despite the enormous frustration progressive professors express at the leaders
of the Democratic Party who reject their erudite advice, it is quite likely that
the guidance of academics could be misleading in as many ways as it is helpful (https://www.berkeleyside.com/2017/05/02/berkeley-author-george-lakoff-says-dont-underestimate-trump).
The
ethos of totalitarianism are ingrained in the collective worldview of the
academic left. It is also worth noting that the ideological descendants of Marcuse
and Marx tend to be densely concentrated in the humanities and fields where
findings are subjected to rather lenient standards of empirical evidence. Hence,
the far-left activists are far more common in departments of Gender and Queer
studies than in Economics. This is a clear reflection of the underlying
philosophical tendencies of leftist activists who oppose free-speech. They are
wedded to the Philosopher King thesis which leads them to believe that it is
acceptable to silence those who question their apparent wisdom.
In
stark contrast to Plato, Aristotle regarded politics as an empirical craft that
one learns through trial and error. Building on his distinction between episteme and techne, he argued that no level of intellectual ability allows one
to grasp the art of statecraft in an a priori
fashion. By contrast, he likened political skill to tangible crafts rather
than the purely intellectual undertakings. Consistently with this rejection of
the Philosopher King thesis, Aristotle maintained that the rulers inevitable
will display bias toward their own interests. Furthermore, in order to solve
that problem, it is necessary to create a system where the power-holders have minimal
incentives to oppress other groups of people.
Aristotle
correctly observed that oligarchy allows the rich to pilfer public resources
and depredate the wealth of the polis. Conversely, if the poor are to have their way, they will
oppress the rich. On the other hand, if the middle class were to seize power,
they would have no reason to oppress either class. While the members of the
middle-class are not any less self-serving than the poor or the rich, they can
act as the buffer between the competing class interests. In the interest of
creating political stability, it is always desirable to expand the middle class
and this should be the key objective of any economic or political agenda.
John
Stuart Mill developed the distinction between offense and harm, maintaining
that the state should intervene only if one individual directly harms another.
However, a mere offense is not a legitimate cause for such an intervention. Consequently,
the left’s arguments that their opponents threaten the marginalized groups’
right to exist should be regarded as complaints about offensive speech, rather
than as harmful action. Yet, because these instances do not involve a direct
call to violence and cannot be regarded as a cause of hate crime, there is no
reason for the offensive communicators to be censored. Accordingly, all statements
that do not directly harm others are to be regarded as free speech and should
be allowed under all circumstances.
Although
the principle of freedom of expression may have intrinsic value, its practical
benefits cannot be overstated. In the absence of vigorous public debate, the
Philosopher King thesis will remain entrenched in the nation’s collective
consciousness. If the authority of the leads is not subjected to rigorous
scrutiny, corruption, mismanagement of public resources and adherence to misguided
doctrines will occur. As a result, the public’s trust in institutions will
decline, as the official state ideology will be treated as a “dead dogma”
rather than as a living truth. That is precisely what happened in various Marxist-Leninists
states of Eastern Europe and Latin America where the economy collapsed, the public
lost respect for the rule of law and the commissars could only rely on brute
power to enforce their unearned authority.
Aristotle’s
criticism of Plato’s Philosopher King thesis is correct in all respects. However,
above all, politics should be treated as a practical craft where knowledge is
gained in an a posteriori fashion.
Consequently, the study of politics should bear a closer semblance to the
scientific method than to the one that is employed in the ideological motivated
departments of academia. It is not a coincidence that the most vehement
opponents of free speech seldom reside in the departments of the natural
sciences or that of rigorous humanities, as serious scholars recognize the
importance of free inquiry and academic freedom. Conversely, the worldview of
the PC ideologues would collapse if tolerance for the diverging viewpoint was part
of the culture of their community.
University
campuses are the focal points of the anti-free speech activism and several
steps can be taken to redress this problem.
1.
Defund the ideologically motivated departments:
Much of the curriculum in courses on Women’s Studies, Gender Studies, Queer
Studies and Transgender studies are predicated on a denial of scientific facts
about biological gender and genetics (https://steemit.com/news/@manuel20/news-post-number-1-2961).
In most cases, these courses do little to help students think critically or to
learn the basic facts of reality. In most cases, they are scholarly fronts for
left-wing activism that teach students to jump to conclusions, offer emotional
responses to complex issues and to vilify their opponents. For these reasons,
such courses invariably debauch their minds and contribute to the precipitous decline
of the intellectual caliber of the student-body.
2.
Support various initiatives that promote
viewpoint diversity on college campuses, Jonathan Haidt’s Heterodox Academy is
the case in point (https://heterodoxacademy.org/author/jonathan-haidt/).
3.
Collaborate with individuals who intend to
expose professors who abuse their authority to push a political agenda in class.
(http://www.businessinsider.com/professor-watchlist-aims-to-expose-leftist-propaganda-2016-12)
Of course, it will be next to impossible to track all purveyors of such demagoguery,
but the most egregious of perpetrators can be identified and exposed.
4.
Defund non-profits that are known for
their opposition to freedom of expression. Additionally, organizations that
tend to make a promiscuous use of derogatory epithets such as “racist, sexist,
homophobe, transphobe, white nationalist” and so on, should be kept under
closer supervision. For example, the SPLC labeled Charles Murray as a white
nationalist because his findings on IQ suggested that European-Americans tend
to outperform African-Americans. Murray’s contention was supported by a wealth
of data and nearly all psychometrists acknowledge the existence of the racial
gap with regard to the IQ test-scores. That is a well-documented fact, although
most psychometrists maintain that 40 to 80% of one’s IQ is a result of genetic
factors (http://www.intelligence.martinsewell.com/Gottfredson1997.pdf)
It is necessary to question the culture and moral authority of organizations
that are more concerned with promoting a political agenda than with educating
the public.
5.
Discourage others from majoring in ideologically
motivated fields and persuade new college students to enroll in universities that
are known for their viewpoint diversity. Jonathan Haidt’s Heterodox Academy
will prove to be an invaluable resource in this respect.
6.
Oppose all political proposals to increase
funding for universities or expand the availability of federally funded student
loans. Once college students begin paying tuition on their own endeavor,
universities will be forced to become more sensitive to the financial needs of
the students. As a result, the tuition rates will drop and less funding will be
available to the Politically Correct departments. Consequently, the universities
will need to focus on the truly essential courses that appear to impart
practical skills onto the learners.
7.
Oppose grade inflation. Various prestigious
four-year universities admit more than half of their undergraduate applicants.
For example, George Mason University boasts a 69% admission rate and 84% of applicants
who wish to enroll at Marymount University are admitted. Likewise, Michigan
State University accepts nearly two-thirds of applicants, as their admission
rate is 65.7%. An abundance of underqualified students creates enormous pressure
for administrators and instructors to lower their standards. As a result, these
circumstances create the preconditions for the emergence of entire academic
departments where students can pass with flying colors merely by toeing the
party line.
